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再谈Docker容器单机网络：利用iptables trace和ebtables log

十一月 6, 2017
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这大半年一直在搞Kubernetes。每次搭建Kubernetes集群，或多或少都会被Kubernetes的“网络插件们”折腾折腾。因此，要说目前Kubernetes中最难搞的是什么？个人觉得莫过于其Pod网络了，至少也是最难搞的之一。除此之外，以Service和Pod为中心的Kubernetes架构还大量利用iptables规则来实现Service的反向代理和负载均衡，这又与Docker原生容器单机网络实现所基于的linux bridge和iptables规则糅合在一起，让troubleshooting时的难度又增加了一些。

去年曾经花过一段研究Docker网络，但现在看来当时在某些关键环节的理解上还有些模糊，于是花了周末的闲暇时间对Docker容器单机网络做了一次再理解。这次重新认识利用上了iptables的Trace功能以及数据链路层的ebtables，让我可以更清晰地看到单机容器网络的网络数据流流向。同时，有了容器网络理解这个基础，对后续解决K8s Pod网络问题也是大有裨益的。

本文从某个角度来说也可以理解为自我答疑，我不会从最最基础的Docker网络结构说起，对Docker容器单机网络结构不了解的童鞋，可以先看看我之前写的《理解Docker单机容器网络》和《理解Docker容器网络之Linux Network Namespace》两篇文章。

一、实验环境

1、主机环境和工具版本

Docker的默认单机容器网络从最初的版本开始就几乎没有变过，因此理论上下面的分析适用于Docker的大部分版本。我的实验环境如下：

Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-63-generic x86_64)

# docker version
Client:
 Version:      17.09.0-ce
 API version:  1.32
 Go version:   go1.8.3
 Git commit:   afdb6d4
 Built:        Tue Sep 26 22:42:18 2017
 OS/Arch:      linux/amd64

Server:
 Version:      17.09.0-ce
 API version:  1.32 (minimum version 1.12)
 Go version:   go1.8.3
 Git commit:   afdb6d4
 Built:        Tue Sep 26 22:40:56 2017
 OS/Arch:      linux/amd64
 Experimental: false

# iptables --version
iptables v1.6.0
# ebtables --version
ebtables v2.0.10-4 (December 2011)

2、容器网络及拓扑

我们需要制作一个用于实验的容器镜像。因为这里仅用ping包进行测试，这里我们仅基于ubuntu:14.04 base image制作一个简单的安装有必要网络工具的image：

//Dockerfile

From ubuntu:14.04
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl iptables
ENTRYPOINT ["tail", "-f", "/var/log/bootstrap.log"]

// 制作镜像：

# docker build -t foo:latest ./

启动两个容器：

# docker run --name c1 -d --cap-add=NET_ADMIN foo:latest
7a01a19d9328b39f094c9a9c76340d179baaf93afb52189816bcc79f8319cb64
# docker run --name c2 -d --cap-add=NET_ADMIN foo:latest
94a2f1841f6d95fd0682299b17c0aedb60c1047786c8e75b0f1ab7316a995409

容器启动后的网络信息汇总如下：

# ifconfig -a
docker0   Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:ff:27:17:4d
          inet addr:192.168.0.1  Bcast:0.0.0.0  Mask:255.255.240.0
          ... ...

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:16:3e:06:3a:3a
          inet addr:10.171.77.0  Bcast:10.171.79.255  Mask:255.255.248.0
          ... ...

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          ... ...

veth0594f4b Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 96:5b:d4:80:73:5f
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          ... ...

veth57a3dec Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:52:e9:60:ea:b1
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          ... ...

为了方便大家理解，这里附上一幅简易的容器网络拓扑：

img{512x368}

二、调试工具配置

Docker单机容器网络默认使用的是桥接网络，所有启动的容器均桥接在Docker引擎创建的docker0 linux bridge上，因此内核对Linux bridge的处理逻辑是理解Docker容器网络的关键。

与硬件网桥/交换机不同的是，Linux Bridge还具备三层网络，即IP层的功能，也就是docker0既是一个网桥也是一个具备三层转发功能的网卡设备。传统意义上，按照iso网络七层规范，iptables工作在三层，而网桥是一个二层(数据链路层)设备，但Linux协议栈针对网桥设备的实现却在网络层的规则链(ebtables)中串接了iptables的规则链处理，即在二层也可以处理ip包，这是为了实现桥接透明防火墙的需要。但实现也会保证每个packet数据包仅会走一次iptable的某个chain，要么在linker layer走，要么在network layer走，不会出现在linker layer走一次，又在network layer重复走一次的情况。关于这种基于linux bridge的ebtables和iptables的交互规则，在netfilter官网的一篇名为《ebtables/iptables interaction on a Linux-based bridge》文档中有详细说明，这篇文章也是后续分析的一个重要参考。下面这幅图也是文章中提到的那幅netfilter数据流全图，后续在分析时会反复回到这幅图（后续简称为：全图）：

img{512x368}
建议：右键在新标签中打开图片看大图

关于数据包在iptables的各条chain的流经图可以参见下面：

img{512x368}

1、iptables TRACE target的设置

在本次实验中，我们主要需要查看数据包的流转路径，因此我们需要针对iptables的data flow进行跟踪。之前，我曾使用过iptables提供的LOG target或mark set&match方式来跟踪iptables中的数据流，但这两种方式都不理想，需要针对特定流程插入LOG target或match在入口包设定好的mark，对iptables规则的侵入较大，调试和观察也较为复杂；iptables自身提供了TRACE功能，一旦设定，当数据包匹配到任意chain上任意table的处理规则时，iptables会在系统日志(/var/log/syslog)中自动输出此时的数据包状态日志。

我们来为iptables规则添加TRACE，TRACE target只能在iptables的raw表中添加，raw表中有两条iptables built-in chain: PREROUTING和OUTPUT，分别代表网卡数据入口和本地进程下推数据的出口。TRACE target就添加在这两条chain上，步骤如下：

# iptables -t raw -A OUTPUT -p icmp -j TRACE
# iptables -t raw -A PREROUTING -p icmp -j TRACE

注意：我们采用icmp协议(ping协议)进行测试，因此我们只TRACE icmp协议的请求和应答包。

2、ebtables的调试设置

我们的重点在iptables，为ebtables只是辅助，帮助我们看清数据包到底是在哪一层被hook进iptables的规则链中进行处理的。因此我们在全图中的每个ebtables的built-in chain上都加上LOG（ebtables目前还不支持TRACE）：

# ebtables -t broute -A BROUTING -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING" -j ACCEPT
# ebtables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:nat:OUTPUT"  -j ACCEPT
# ebtables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING" -j ACCEPT
# ebtables -t filter -A INPUT -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:filter:INPUT" -j ACCEPT
# ebtables -t filter -A FORWARD -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:filter:FORWARD" -j ACCEPT
# ebtables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:filter:OUTPUT" -j ACCEPT
# ebtables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p ipv4 --ip-proto 1 --log-level 6 --log-ip --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING" -j ACCEPT

注意：这里--ip-proto 1 表示仅match icmp packet。

3、iptables和ebtables规则全文

启动两个容器并添加上述规则后，当前的的iptables规则如下：(通过iptables-save输出的按table组织的rules)

# iptables-save
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.0 on Sun Nov  5 14:50:46 2017
*raw

: PREROUTING ACCEPT [1564539:108837380]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [1504962:130805835]
-A PREROUTING -p icmp -j TRACE
-A OUTPUT -p icmp -j TRACE
COMMIT
# Completed on Sun Nov  5 14:50:46 2017
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.0 on Sun Nov  5 14:50:46 2017
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [1564535:108837044]
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [1504968:130806627]

: DOCKER - [0:0]

: DOCKER-ISOLATION - [0:0]

: DOCKER-USER - [0:0]

-A FORWARD -j DOCKER-USER
-A FORWARD -j DOCKER-ISOLATION
-A FORWARD -o docker0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -o docker0 -j DOCKER
-A FORWARD -i docker0 ! -o docker0 -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -i docker0 -o docker0 -j ACCEPT
-A DOCKER-ISOLATION -j RETURN
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN
COMMIT
# Completed on Sun Nov  5 14:50:46 2017
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.0 on Sun Nov  5 14:50:46 2017
*nat

: PREROUTING ACCEPT [280:14819]
:INPUT ACCEPT [278:14651]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [639340:38370263]

: POSTROUTING ACCEPT [639342:38370431]

: DOCKER - [0:0]

-A PREROUTING -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j DOCKER
-A OUTPUT ! -d 127.0.0.0/8 -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j DOCKER
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/20 ! -o docker0 -j MASQUERADE
-A DOCKER -i docker0 -j RETURN
COMMIT
# Completed on Sun Nov  5 14:50:46 2017

而ebtables的规则如下：

# ebtables-save
# Generated by ebtables-save v1.0 on Sun Nov  5 16:51:50 CST 2017
*nat
: PREROUTING ACCEPT
:OUTPUT ACCEPT
: POSTROUTING ACCEPT
-A PREROUTING -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING" --log-ip -j ACCEPT
-A OUTPUT -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:nat:OUTPUT" --log-ip -j ACCEPT
-A POSTROUTING -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING" --log-ip -j ACCEPT

*broute
:BROUTING ACCEPT
-A BROUTING -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING" --log-ip -j ACCEPT

*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT
:FORWARD ACCEPT
:OUTPUT ACCEPT
-A INPUT -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:filter:INPUT" --log-ip -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:filter:FORWARD" --log-ip -j ACCEPT
-A OUTPUT -p IPv4 --ip-proto icmp --log-level info --log-prefix "TRACE: eb:filter:OUTPUT" --log-ip -j ACCEPT

对于iptables，我们还可以通过iptables命令输出另外一种组织形式的规则列表，我们这里列出filter和nat这两个重要的table的规则(输出规则number，便于后续match分析时查看)：

# iptables -nL --line-numbers -v -t filter
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 2558K packets, 178M bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1       10   840 DOCKER-USER  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
2       10   840 DOCKER-ISOLATION  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
3        7   588 ACCEPT     all  --  *      docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED
4        3   252 DOCKER     all  --  *      docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
5        0     0 ACCEPT     all  --  docker0 !docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
6        3   252 ACCEPT     all  --  docker0 docker0  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 2460K packets, 214M bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

Chain DOCKER (1 references)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

Chain DOCKER-ISOLATION (1 references)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1       10   840 RETURN     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0

Chain DOCKER-USER (1 references)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1       10   840 RETURN     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0

# iptables -nL --line-numbers -v -t nat
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 884 packets, 46522 bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1      881 46270 DOCKER     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 881 packets, 46270 bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1048K packets, 63M bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1        0     0 DOCKER     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0           !127.0.0.0/8          ADDRTYPE match dst-type LOCAL

Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 1048K packets, 63M bytes)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1        0     0 MASQUERADE  all  --  *      !docker0  192.168.0.0/20       0.0.0.0/0

Chain DOCKER (2 references)
num   pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
1        0     0 RETURN     all  --  docker0 *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0

三、Container to Container

下面，我们分三种情况来看看容器网络的数据包是如何流动的，首先是Container to Container。

img{512x368}

我们在容器C1中执行ping 3次 C2的命令：

# docker exec c1 ping -c 3 192.168.0.3
PING 192.168.0.3 (192.168.0.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.0.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.226 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.3: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.159 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.3: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.185 ms

--- 192.168.0.3 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1998ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.159/0.190/0.226/0.027 ms

在容器c1(192.168.0.2)中，icmp request由ping程序(c1 namespace中的local process)发出。c1 network namespace中的路由表如下：

# docker exec c1 netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0
192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.240.0   U         0 0          0 eth0

由于目标容器地址为192.168.0.3，在容器c1的直连网络上，走第二条直连路由（非默认路由），数据包通过eth0发出。

由于c1 namespace中的eth0通过veth机制连接在host namespace的docker0 bridge的一个Slave port上，因此上述数据包通过docker0 bridge的slave port: veth0594f4b流入docker0 bridge。

这里再强调一下linux bridge设备。Linux下的Bridge是一种虚拟设备，它依赖于一个或多个从设备。它不是内核虚拟出的和从设备同一层次的镜像设备，而是内核虚拟出的一个高一层次的设备，并把从设备虚拟化为端口port，同时处理各个从设备的数据收发及转发。bridge设备是建立在从设备之上的（这些从设备可以是实际设备，也可以是vlan设备等），并且我们可以为bridge准备一个IP（bridge设备的MAC地址是它所有从设备中最小的MAC地址），这样该主机就可以通过这个bridge设备与网络中的其它主机通信了。另外一旦某个网络设备被“插到”linux bridge上，这个网络设备将会变为bridge的从设备，被虚拟化为端口port，从设备的IP及MAC都不再可用，好似被bridge剥夺了被内核网络栈处理的资格；它们被设置为接收任何包，对其流入的数据包的处理交由bridge完成，并最终由bridge设备来决定数据包的去向：接收到本机、转发或丢弃。

因此，位于host namespace的docker0 bridge从slave port: veth0594f4b收到icmp request后，我们不会看到veth0594f4b这一netdev被内核网络栈程序单独处理(比如：单独走一遍ebtables和iptables chains)，而是进入bridge处理逻辑（此时可以回顾一下上面的全图）。由于数据包已经进入到了host namespace，因此我们可以通过ebtables和iptables输出的Trace和log来跟踪数据包流转的路径了：

1、start -> bridgecheck -> linker layer

TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1

从最初的trace log来看，在bridge check之后(发现it is a linux bridge)，数据包进入到linker layer中；并且在linker layer的BROUTING built-in chain之后，数据包没有被转移到上面的network layer，而是继续linker layer的行程：进入linker layer的nat:PREROUTING中。

2、call iptables chain rules in linker layer

结合全图中的图示和日志输出，在linker layer的nat:PREROUTING之后，linker layer调用了上层iptables的处理规则：raw:PREROUTING和nat:PREROUTING：

TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: nat:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1

Trace target在数据包match table、chains的policy或rules时会输出日志，日志格式：”TRACE:tablename:chainname:type:rulenum”。当匹配到的是普通rules时，type=”rule”;当碰到一个user-defined chain的return target时，type=”return”；当匹配到built-in chain(比如：PREROUTING、INPUT、OUTPUT、FORWARD和POSTROUTING)的default policy时，type=”policy”。

从上面的日志输出来看，似乎PREROUTING chain的raw table中的Trace target不能被trace自身match，因此trace log输出的是匹配raw table built-in chain: PREROUTING的default policy: ACCEPT，num=2(policy和rules整体排序后的序号)；在PREROUTING chain的nat表中匹配时，Trace也仅匹配到了default policy，rule 1（target: Docker）没有匹配上；

这里有一点奇怪的是mangle table没有任何输出，即便是default policy的也没有，原因暂不明。

3、bridge decision

根据全图和后续的日志，我们得到了bridge decision的结果：继续在linker layer上处理数据包，一路向右。不过在处理的路径上依旧调用了iptables的rules：

TRACE: eb:filter:FORWARD IN=veth0594f4b OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:4 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:6 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1

bridge decision决定的依据或则规则是什么呢？《ebtables/iptables interaction on a Linux-based bridge》一文给了我们一些答案：

The bridge's decision for a frame can be one of these:

* bridge it, if the destination MAC address is on another side of the bridge;
* flood it over all the forwarding bridge ports, if the position of the box with the destination MAC is unknown to the bridge;
* pass it to the higher protocol code (the IP code), if the destination MAC address is that of the bridge or of one of its ports;
* ignore it, if the destination MAC address is located on the same side of the bridge.

不过即便按照这几条规则，我依然有一定困惑，那就是真实的处理是：依旧在linker layer，但掺杂了上层网络层的处理规则。

另外，你可能会发现iptables log里MAC值的格式很怪异(比如：MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00)，非常long。其实这个MAC值是一个组合：Souce MAC, Destination MAC和 frame type的组合。

02:42:c0:a8:00:03: Destination MAC=00:60:dd:45:67:ea
02:42:c0:a8:00:02: Source MAC=00:60:dd:45:4c:92
08:00 : Type=08:00 (ethernet frame carried an IPv4 datagram)

4、eb:nat:POSTROUTING -> nat:POSTROUTING -> egress(qdisc)

最后packet进入linker layer的POSTROUTING built-in chain：

TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING IN= OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: nat:POSTROUTING:policy:2 IN= OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47066 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1

iptables nat:POSTROUTING没有匹配上docker引擎增加的那条target为DOCKER的rule，于是输出了default policy的日志。

进入到egress(qdisc)后，相当于数据包到了bridge上的另一个slave port(veth57a3dec)上，此时数据包必须被送回网络上，于是进入到容器C2的eth0中。离开了host namespace，我们的日志便追踪不到了。

容器c2因为所在的network namespace是独立于host namespace的，因此有自己的iptables规则（如果未设置，均为默认accept），不受host namespace中的iptables的影响。

5、”消失”的iptable的nat:PREROUTING和nat:POSTROUTING

C2容器回复ping response的路径与request甚为相似，这里一次性将全部日志列出：

TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING IN=veth57a3dec OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.3 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING IN=veth57a3dec OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.3 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:02:02:42:c0:a8:00:03:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.3 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=5962 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1

TRACE: eb:filter:FORWARD IN=veth57a3dec OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.3 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth57a3dec PHYSOUT=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:02:02:42:c0:a8:00:03:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.3 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=5962 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth57a3dec PHYSOUT=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:02:02:42:c0:a8:00:03:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.3 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=5962 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth57a3dec PHYSOUT=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:02:02:42:c0:a8:00:03:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.3 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=5962 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth57a3dec PHYSOUT=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:02:02:42:c0:a8:00:03:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.3 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=5962 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:3 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth57a3dec PHYSOUT=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:02:02:42:c0:a8:00:03:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.3 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=5962 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=1

TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.3 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1

仔细观察，我们发现虽然与request的路径类似，但依旧有不同：iptable的nat:PREROUTING和nat:POSTROUTING消失了。Why？iptables就是这么设计的。iptables会跟踪connection的state，当一个connection的首个包经过一次后，connection的state由NEW变成了ESTABLISHED；对于ESTABLISHED的connection的后续packets，内核会自动按照该connection的首个包在nat:PREROUTING和nat:POSTROUTING环节的处理方式进行处理，而不再流经这两个链中的nat表逻辑。而ebtables中似乎没有这个逻辑。

后续的ping的第二个、第三个流程也印证了上述设计，这里仅列出ping request packet 2：

TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47310 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=2
TRACE: eb:filter:FORWARD IN=veth0594f4b OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47310 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=2
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47310 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=2
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47310 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=2
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47310 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=2
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:3 IN=docker0 OUT=docker0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b PHYSOUT=veth57a3dec MAC=02:42:c0:a8:00:03:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.3 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=47310 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=90 SEQ=2
TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING IN= OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:03 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.3, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1

全部日志内容请参见：docker-bridge-network-demo-iptables-trace-log.txt文件，这里不赘述。

四、Local Process to Container

img{512x368}

很多”疑难”环节在上面的container to container数据流分析时已经做了解惑，因此后续local process to container和container to external流程将不会再细致描述，说明会略微泛泛一些，不那么细致。

我们在host上执行ping C1三次：

# ping -c 3 192.168.0.2
PING 192.168.0.2 (192.168.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.160 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.105 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.131 ms

--- 192.168.0.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.105/0.132/0.160/0.022 ms

1、local process -> routing decision -> iptables OUTPUT chain

ping request数据包从本地的ping process发出，根据目的地址路由后，选择docker0作为OUT设备：

TRACE: raw:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=192.168.0.1 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18692 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: mangle:OUTPUT:policy:1 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=192.168.0.1 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18692 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: nat:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=192.168.0.1 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18692 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: filter:OUTPUT:policy:1 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=192.168.0.1 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18692 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0

奇怪的是这次mangle chain居然有trace log输出:(。

2、进入linker layer：iptables POSTROUTING -> ebtables OUTPUT -> ebtables POSTROUTING

由于是OUT是bridge设备，因此要进入到ebtable中走一遭：

TRACE: mangle:POSTROUTING:policy:1 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=192.168.0.1 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18692 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: nat:POSTROUTING:policy:2 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=192.168.0.1 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18692 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: eb:nat:OUTPUT IN= OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.1 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:filter:OUTPUT IN= OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.1 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING IN= OUT=veth57a3dec MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.1 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:OUTPUT IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.1 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:filter:OUTPUT IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.1 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.1 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1

icmp的response和container to container类似，入口走的是linker layer(由于是桥设备)，在bridge decision后，走到INPUT chain：

TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.1, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.1, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.1 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=56535 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:PREROUTING:policy:1 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.1 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=56535 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1
TRACE: eb:filter:INPUT IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=192.168.0.1, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: mangle:INPUT:policy:1 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.1 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=56535 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:INPUT:policy:1 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=192.168.0.1 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=56535 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30245 SEQ=1

以上我们可以与到非桥设备的ping做比对，我们在host上ping 另外一个LAN中的host：

# ping -c 1 10.28.61.30
PING 10.28.61.30 (10.28.61.30) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.28.61.30: icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=1.09 ms

--- 10.28.61.30 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.093/1.093/1.093/0.000 ms

得到的trace log如下：

icmp request:

TRACE: raw:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=10.171.77.0 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=4494 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: mangle:OUTPUT:policy:1 IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=10.171.77.0 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=4494 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: nat:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=10.171.77.0 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=4494 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: filter:OUTPUT:policy:1 IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=10.171.77.0 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=4494 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: mangle:POSTROUTING:policy:1 IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=10.171.77.0 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=4494 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0
TRACE: nat:POSTROUTING:policy:2 IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=10.171.77.0 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=4494 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1 UID=0 GID=0

icmp response:

TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=10.171.77.0 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=57 ID=61118 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:PREROUTING:policy:1 IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=10.171.77.0 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=57 ID=61118 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:INPUT:policy:1 IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=10.171.77.0 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=57 ID=61118 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:INPUT:policy:1 IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=10.171.77.0 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=57 ID=61118 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=30426 SEQ=1

可以对照着全图看出在request出去时，发现OUT设备不是bridge，直接走network layer的iptables rules，并从xfrm lookup出去，走到egress(qdisc); response回来时，进行bridge check后，发现IN设备eth0不是bridge，因此直接上到network layer，走iptable chain rules到local process。ebtable的log一行也没有输出。

后续的两个icmp request&response大致相同，并且依旧不走nat PREROUTING和nat POSTROUTING，因为不再是NEW connection。

五、Container to External

img{512x368}

我们在c1 容器中ping 外部的一个节点三次：

# docker exec c1 ping -c 3 10.28.61.30
PING 10.28.61.30 (10.28.61.30) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.28.61.30: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=1.32 ms
64 bytes from 10.28.61.30: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=1.30 ms
64 bytes from 10.28.61.30: icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=1.21 ms

--- 10.28.61.30 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.219/1.280/1.323/0.060 ms

1、start -> bridgecheck -> linker layer

和Container to Container的开端很类似，在bridge check后，数据流进入linker layer(docker0 is a bridge)，并在该层进行iptables PREROUTING rules的处理，直到bridge decision之前：

TRACE: eb:broute:BROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=10.28.61.30, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:PREROUTING IN=veth0594f4b OUT= MAC source = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 MAC dest = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=192.168.0.2 IP DST=10.28.61.30, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:PREROUTING:policy:1 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: nat:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=docker0 OUT= PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1

2、ebtable filter:INPUT -> routing decision -> iptables FORWARD

目的地址为外部host ip，需要三层介入转发，于是数据包经由eb:filter:INPUT向上走到达network layer的routing decision，根据路由表，将包转发到eth0：

TRACE: mangle:FORWARD:policy:1 IN=docker0 OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=docker0 OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=docker0 OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION:return:1 IN=docker0 OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:5 IN=docker0 OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b MAC=02:42:ff:27:17:4d:02:42:c0:a8:00:02:08:00 SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1

3、iptables nat:POSTROUTING match rule 1

由于要流出到主机外，因此在最后iptables nat:POSTROUTING中，数据包匹配到rule 1，即做MASQUERADE，将数据包源地址更换为host ip：10.171.77.0。

TRACE: mangle:POSTROUTING:policy:1 IN= OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: nat:POSTROUTING:rule:1 IN= OUT=eth0 PHYSIN=veth0594f4b SRC=192.168.0.2 DST=10.28.61.30 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=57351 DF PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1

4、iptables prerouting、forward、postrouting -> ebtabls output、postrouting

返回的应答由于IN设备为eth0，因此直接上到network layer进行iptable chain的处理。在路由后，OUT设备为docker0(bridge设备)，因此在最后的环节需要下降到linker layer做output和postrouting处理：

TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=10.171.77.0 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=57 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:PREROUTING:policy:1 IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=10.171.77.0 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=57 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:FORWARD:policy:1 IN=eth0 OUT=docker0 MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=eth0 OUT=docker0 MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=eth0 OUT=docker0 MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=eth0 OUT=docker0 MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION:return:1 IN=eth0 OUT=docker0 MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:3 IN=eth0 OUT=docker0 MAC=00:16:3e:06:3a:3a:00:2a:6a:aa:12:7c:08:00 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: mangle:POSTROUTING:policy:1 IN= OUT=docker0 SRC=10.28.61.30 DST=192.168.0.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=56 ID=58706 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=0 CODE=0 ID=94 SEQ=1
TRACE: eb:nat:OUTPUT IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=10.28.61.30 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:filter:OUTPUT IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=10.28.61.30 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1
TRACE: eb:nat:POSTROUTING IN= OUT=veth0594f4b MAC source = 02:42:ff:27:17:4d MAC dest = 02:42:c0:a8:00:02 proto = 0x0800 IP SRC=10.28.61.30 IP DST=192.168.0.2, IP tos=0x00, IP proto=1

后续的请求和应答基本类似，少的还是nat PREROUTING和nat POSTROUTING，因为不再是NEW connection。

六、小结

个人赶脚：iptables的规则还是太复杂了，再加上bridge的ebtable规则，让人有些眼花缭乱。尤其是kube-proxy的规则又与docker的规则鞣合在一起，iptables的rules列表就显得更为冗长和复杂了。但目前kube-proxy稳定版依然以iptables为主要实现机制，不过kube-proxy对ipvs的支持也已经在路上了(kubernetes 1.8中ipvs处于alpha阶段)，希望后续我们能有更多的选择。

此次实验全部日志内容参见：docker-bridge-network-demo-iptables-trace-log.txt文件。

七、参考资料

《iptables debugging》
《ebtables/iptables interaction on a Linux-based bridge》
《Traversing of tables and chains》
《Linux Bridge – how it works》
“docker-explain network“
《Linux下的虚拟Bridge实现》

微博：@tonybai_cn
微信公众号：iamtonybai
github.com: https://github.com/bigwhite

一步步打造基于Kubeadm的高可用Kubernetes集群-第二部分

五月 15, 2017
11 条评论

续接上文。

五、第三步：启动emei、wudang上的apiserver

跨三个node的etcd cluster已经建成并完成了数据同步，下面进行ha cluster改造的重要一步：启动wudang、emei上的apiserver

1、启动emei、wudang上的apiserver

以shaolin node上的/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml为副本，制作emei、wudang上的kube-apiserver.yaml：

唯一需要变动的就是- --advertise-address这个option的值：

wudang:

- --advertise-address=10.24.138.208

emei:

- --advertise-address=10.27.52.72

在各自node上将kube-apiserver.yaml放入/etc/kubernetes/manifests中，各自node上的kubelet将会启动kube-apiserver并且各个apiserver默认连接本节点的etcd:

root@emei:~# pods
NAMESPACE     NAME                              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
... ...
kube-system   kube-apiserver-emei               1/1       Running   0          1d        10.27.52.72     emei
kube-system   kube-apiserver-shaolin            1/1       Running   0          1d        10.27.53.32     shaolin
kube-system   kube-apiserver-wudang             1/1       Running   0          2d        10.24.138.208   wudang

2、将emei、wudang上的kubelet改为连接自己所在节点的apiserver

所有apiserver都启动了。wudang、emei上的kubelet也应该连接自己节点的apiserver了！修改各自的/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf，修改server配置项：

wudang:

server: https://10.24.138.208:6443

emei:

server: https://10.27.52.72:6443

各自重启kubelet:

以wudang为例：

root@wudang:~# systemctl daemon-reload
root@wudang:~# systemctl restart kubelet

不过，问题出现了！查看重启的kubelet日志：

root@wudang:~# journalctl -u kubelet -f
-- Logs begin at Mon 2017-05-08 15:12:01 CST. --
May 11 14:33:27 wudang kubelet[8794]: I0511 14:33:27.919223    8794 kubelet_node_status.go:230] Setting node annotation to enable volume controller attach/detach
May 11 14:33:27 wudang kubelet[8794]: I0511 14:33:27.921166    8794 kubelet_node_status.go:77] Attempting to register node wudang
May 11 14:33:27 wudang kubelet[8794]: E0511 14:33:27.926865    8794 kubelet_node_status.go:101] Unable to register node "wudang" with API server: Post https://10.24.138.208:6443/api/v1/nodes: x509: certificate is valid for 10.96.0.1, 10.27.53.32, not 10.24.138.208
May 11 14:33:28 wudang kubelet[8794]: E0511 14:33:28.283258    8794 event.go:208] Unable to write event: 'Post https://10.24.138.208:6443/api/v1/namespaces/default/events: x509: certificate is valid for 10.96.0.1, 10.27.53.32, not 10.24.138.208' (may retry after sleeping)
May 11 14:33:28 wudang kubelet[8794]: E0511 14:33:28.499209    8794 reflector.go:190] k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kubelet.go:390: Failed to list *v1.Node: Get https://10.24.138.208:6443/api/v1/nodes?fieldSelector=metadata.name%3Dwudang&resourceVersion=0: x509: certificate is valid for 10.96.0.1, 10.27.53.32, not 10.24.138.208
May 11 14:33:28 wudang kubelet[8794]: E0511 14:33:28.504593    8794 reflector.go:190] k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/config/apiserver.go:46: Failed to list *v1.Pod: Get https://10.24.138.208:6443/api/v1/pods?fieldSelector=spec.nodeName%3Dwudang&resourceVersion=0: x509: certificate is valid for 10.96.0.1, 10.27.53.32, not 10.24.138.208

从错误日志判断来看，似乎是wudang上的kubelet在与同一节点上的kube-apiserver通信过程中，发现这个apiserver返回的tls证书是属于10.27.53.32的，即shaolin node上的apiserver的，而不是wudang node上的apiserver的，于是报了错！问题的原因很明了，因为Wudang上的kube-apiserver用的apiserver.crt的确是从shaolin node上copy过来的。也就是说要解决这个问题，我们需要为wudang、emei两个node上的apiserver各自生成自己的数字证书。

我们先来查看一下shaolin上的apiserver.crt内容是什么样子的：

root@shaolin:/etc/kubernetes/pki# openssl x509 -noout -text -in apiserver.crt

Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: CN=kubernetes

Subject: CN=kube-apiserver

X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
            X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
                TLS Web Server Authentication
            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
                DNS:shaolin, DNS:kubernetes, DNS:kubernetes.default, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, IP Address:10.96.0.1, IP Address:10.27.53.32

我们看到证书使用到了x509v3的扩展功能：subject alternative name，并且指定了多个value。我们为wudang、emei生成的apiserver.crt也应该如此。如何做呢？好在我们有整个集群的ca.key和ca.crt，可以用来签署证书请求。以wudang node为例，我们来为wudang node上的apiserver生成apiserver-wudang.key和apiserver-wudang.crt：

//生成2048位的密钥对
root@wudang:~# openssl genrsa -out apiserver-wudang.key 2048

//生成证书签署请求文件
root@wudang:~# openssl req -new -key apiserver-wudang.key -subj "/CN=kube-apiserver," -out apiserver-wudang.csr

// 编辑apiserver-wudang.ext文件，内容如下：
subjectAltName = DNS:wudang,DNS:kubernetes,DNS:kubernetes.default,DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, IP:10.96.0.1, IP:10.24.138.208

// 使用ca.key和ca.crt签署上述请求
root@wudang:~# openssl x509 -req -in apiserver-wudang.csr -CA /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt -CAkey /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key -CAcreateserial -out apiserver-wudang.key.crt -days 365 -extfile apiserver-wudang.ext
Signature ok
subject=/CN=10.24.138.208
Getting CA Private Key

//查看新生成的证书：
root@wudang:~# openssl x509 -noout -text -in apiserver-wudang.crt
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 16019625340257831745 (0xde51245f10ea0b41)
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: CN=kubernetes
        Validity
            Not Before: May 12 08:40:40 2017 GMT
            Not After : May 12 08:40:40 2018 GMT
        Subject: CN=kube-apiserver,
        Subject Public Key Info:
            ... ...
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
                DNS:wudang, DNS:kubernetes, DNS:kubernetes.default, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, IP Address:10.96.0.1, IP Address:10.24.138.208

将apiserver-wudang.key和apiserver-wudang.crt放入/etc/kubernetes/pki目录下，修改kube-apiserver.yaml文件：

// /etc/kubernetes/pki
- --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-wudang.crt
- --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-wudang.key

kube-apiserver重启后，再来查看kubelet日志，你会发现kubelet运行一切ok了。emei节点也要进行同样的操作。

至此，整个集群的状态示意图如下：

img{512x368}

六、第四步：启动emei、wudang上的kube-controller-manager和kube-scheduler

这一步我们只需要将shaolin node上的/etc/kubernetes/manifests中的kube-controller-manager.yaml和kube-scheduler.yaml拷贝到wudang、emei两个node的相应目录下即可：

root@emei:~/kubernetes-conf-shaolin/manifests# pods
NAMESPACE     NAME                              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
... ...
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-emei      1/1       Running   0          8s        10.27.52.72     emei
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-shaolin   1/1       Running   3          1d        10.27.53.32     shaolin
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-wudang    1/1       Running   0          1m        10.24.138.208   wudang
... ...
kube-system   kube-scheduler-emei               1/1       Running   0          15s       10.27.52.72     emei
kube-system   kube-scheduler-shaolin            1/1       Running   3          1d        10.27.53.32     shaolin
kube-system   kube-scheduler-wudang             1/1       Running   0          3m        10.24.138.208   wudang
... ...

查看一下各个node下kcm和scheduler的日志：

root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl logs -f kube-controller-manager-emei -n kube-system
I0511 07:34:53.804831       1 leaderelection.go:179] attempting to acquire leader lease...

root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl logs -f kube-controller-manager-wudang -n kube-system
I0511 07:33:20.725669       1 leaderelection.go:179] attempting to acquire leader lease...

root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl logs -f kube-scheduler-emei -n kube-system
I0511 07:34:45.711032       1 leaderelection.go:179] attempting to acquire leader lease...

root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl logs -f kube-scheduler-wudang -n kube-system
I0511 07:31:35.077090       1 leaderelection.go:179] attempting to acquire leader lease...

root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl logs -f kube-scheduler-shaolin -n kube-system

I0512 08:55:30.838806       1 event.go:217] Event(v1.ObjectReference{Kind:"Pod", Namespace:"default", Name:"my-nginx-2267614806-v1dst", UID:"c075c6c7-36f0-11e7-9c66-00163e000c7f", APIVersion:"v1", ResourceVersion:"166279", FieldPath:""}): type: 'Normal' reason: 'Scheduled' Successfully assigned my-nginx-2267614806-v1dst to emei
I0512 08:55:30.843104       1 event.go:217] Event(v1.ObjectReference{Kind:"Pod", Namespace:"default", Name:"my-nginx-2267614806-drnzv", UID:"c075da9f-36f0-11e7-9c66-00163e000c7f", APIVersion:"v1", ResourceVersion:"166278", FieldPath:""}): type: 'Normal' reason: 'Scheduled' Successfully assigned my-nginx-2267614806-drnzv to wudang
I0512 09:13:21.121864       1 event.go:217] Event(v1.ObjectReference{Kind:"Pod", Namespace:"default", Name:"my-nginx-2267614806-ld1dr", UID:"3e73d350-36f3-11e7-9c66-00163e000c7f", APIVersion:"v1", ResourceVersion:"168070", FieldPath:""}): type: 'Normal' reason: 'Scheduled' Successfully assigned my-nginx-2267614806-ld1dr to wudang
I0512 09:13:21.124295       1 event.go:217] Event(v1.ObjectReference{Kind:"Pod", Namespace:"default", Name:"my-nginx-2267614806-cmmkh", UID:"3e73c8b2-36f3-11e7-9c66-00163e000c7f", APIVersion:"v1", ResourceVersion:"168071", FieldPath:""}): type: 'Normal' reason: 'Scheduled' Successfully assigned my-nginx-2267614806-cmmkh to emei

可以看出，当前shaolin node上的kcm和scheduler是leader。

至此，整个集群的状态示意图如下：

img{512x368}

六、第五步：将wudang、emei设置为master node

我们试着在wudang节点上创建一个pod:

// run-my-nginx.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: my-nginx
spec:
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        run: my-nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: my-nginx
        image: nginx:1.10.1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

发现pod居然被调度到了wudang、emei节点上了！

NAMESPACE     NAME                              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
default       my-nginx-2267614806-drnzv         1/1       Running   0          5s        172.32.192.1    wudang
default       my-nginx-2267614806-v1dst         1/1       Running   0          5s        172.32.64.0     emei

emei、wudang并没有执行taint，为何能承载workload? 查看当前cluster的node状态：

root@wudang:~# kubectl get node --show-labels
NAME      STATUS    AGE       VERSION   LABELS
emei      Ready     1d        v1.6.2    beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/hostname=emei
shaolin   Ready     2d        v1.6.2    beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/hostname=shaolin,node-role.kubernetes.io/master=
wudang    Ready     1d        v1.6.2    beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/hostname=wudang

从label看到，status列并没有明确输出谁是master，这和1.5.1版本以前似乎不同。emei、wudang与shaolin唯一的不同就是shaolin有一个key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master。难道这个label是指示谁是master的？我们给wudang打上这个label：

root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl label node wudang node-role.kubernetes.io/master=
node "wudang" labeled
root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl get node --show-labels
NAME      STATUS    AGE       VERSION   LABELS
emei      Ready     1d        v1.6.2    beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/hostname=emei
shaolin   Ready     2d        v1.6.2    beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/hostname=shaolin,node-role.kubernetes.io/master=
wudang    Ready     1d        v1.6.2    beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/hostname=wudang,node-role.kubernetes.io/master=

再创建nginx pod，我们发现pod依旧分配在wudang、emei两个node上:

NAMESPACE     NAME                              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
default       my-nginx-2267614806-cmmkh         1/1       Running   0          5s        172.32.64.0     emei
default       my-nginx-2267614806-ld1dr         1/1       Running   0          5s        172.32.192.1    wudang

我们进一步查看并对比相关信息：

查看clustre-info：

wuddang node:
root@wudang:~/demo# kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at https://10.24.138.208:6443 //wudang node:
KubeDNS is running at https://10.24.138.208:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns

shaolin node:

root@shaolin:~/k8s-install/demo# kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at https://10.27.53.32:6443
KubeDNS is running at https://10.27.53.32:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns

查看详细node信息：

root@wudang:~# kubectl describe node/shaolin

Name:            shaolin
Role:
Labels:            beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
            beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux
            kubernetes.io/hostname=shaolin
            node-role.kubernetes.io/master=
Annotations:        node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl=0
            volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach=true
Taints:            node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule

root@wudang:~# kubectl describe node/wudang

Name:            wudang
Role:
Labels:            beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
            beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux
            kubernetes.io/hostname=wudang
            node-role.kubernetes.io/master=
Annotations:        node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl=0
            volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach=true
Taints:            <none>

我们看到，在Taints属性里，shaolin node的值为 node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule，而wudang node的为空。初步猜测这就是wudang被分配pod的原因了。

我们设置wudang node的Taints属性：

root@wudang:~# kubectl taint nodes wudang node-role.kubernetes.io/master=:NoSchedule
node "wudang" tainted

root@wudang:~# kubectl describe node/wudang|more
Name:            wudang
Role:
Labels:            beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
            beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux
            kubernetes.io/hostname=wudang
            node-role.kubernetes.io/master=
Annotations:        node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl=0
            volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach=true
Taints:            node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule

再创建nginx deployment:

root@wudang:~/demo# pods
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
default my-nginx-2267614806-hmz5d 1/1 Running 0 14s 172.32.64.0 emei
default my-nginx-2267614806-kkt79 1/1 Running 0 14s 172.32.64.1 emei

发现pod全部分配到emei上了！

接下来按同样操作对emei的taints属性进行设置，这里就不赘述了。

到目前为止，整个k8s cluster的状态如下示意图：
img{512x368}

七、第六步：Load Balance

Kubernetes HA cluster的建立得益于kube-apiserver的无状态，按照最终目标，在三个kube-apiserver的前面是要假设一个负载均衡器的。考虑到apiserver对外通过https暴露服务，在七层做lb需要将证书配置在lb上，这改动较大；这里我们用四层lb。在这里，我们仅是搭建一个简易的demo性质的基于nginx的四层lb，在生产环境，如果你有硬件lb或者你所在的cloud provider提供类似lb服务，可以直接使用。

演示方便起见，我直接在emei上安装一个nginx（注意一定要安装支持–with-stream支持的nginx，可以通过-V查看）:

root@emei:~# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.10.3 (Ubuntu)
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2g  1 Mar 2016
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --with-cc-opt='-g -O2 -fPIE -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -fPIE -pie -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now' --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/body --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/fastcgi --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/proxy --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/scgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/uwsgi --with-debug --with-pcre-jit --with-ipv6 --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-mail --with-mail_ssl_module --with-threads

我这里直接修改nginx的默认配置文件：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf，添加如下配置：

// /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
... ...
stream {
    upstream apiserver {
        server 10.27.53.32:6443 weight=5 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
        server 10.24.138.208:6443 weight=5 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
        server 10.27.52.72:6443 weight=5 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    }

    server {
        listen 8443;
        proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
        proxy_timeout 3s;
        proxy_pass apiserver;
    }
}
... ...

nginx -s reload后，配置生效！

我们用wudang上的kubectl来访问一下lb，我们先来做一下配置

root@wudang:~# cp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ./
root@wudang:~# mv admin.conf admin-lb.conf
root@wudang:~# vi admin-lb.conf

修改admin-lb.conf中的：
server: https://10.27.52.72:8443

export KUBECONFIG=~/admin-lb.conf

执行下面命令：

root@wudang:~# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
Unable to connect to the server: x509: certificate is valid for 10.96.0.1, 10.27.53.32, not 10.27.52.72
root@wudang:~# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
Unable to connect to the server: x509: certificate is valid for 10.24.138.208, not 10.27.52.72

可以看到上述两个请求被lb分别转到了shaolin和wudang两个node的apiserver上，客户端在校验server端发送的证书时认为server端”有诈“，于是报了错！怎么解决呢？在上面我们为每个apiserver生成apiserver.crt时，我们在subject alternative name值中填写了多个域名，我们用域名来作为client端访问的目的地址，再来看看：

修改~/admin-lb.conf中的：

server: https://kubernetes.default.svc:8443

在wudang node的/etc/hosts中添加：

10.27.52.72 kubernetes.default.svc

再访问集群：

root@wudang:~# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                              READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
etcd-emei                         1/1       Running   0          1d
etcd-shaolin                      1/1       Running   0          1d
etcd-wudang                       1/1       Running   0          4d
kube-apiserver-emei               1/1       Running   0          1d
... ...

这里只是一个demo，在您自己的环境里如何将lb与apiserver配合在一起，方法有很多种，需要根据实际情况具体确定。

到目前为止，整个k8s cluster的状态如下示意图：
img{512x368}

八、第七步：kube-proxy配置修改

kube-proxy是一个由一个daemonset创建的：

root@wudang:~# kubectl get ds -n kube-system
NAME         DESIRED   CURRENT   READY     UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   NODE-SELECTOR   AGE
kube-proxy   3         3         3         3            3           <none>          5d

并且kube-proxy的配置是由一个configmap提供的，并未在外部留有修改的口，比如类似kube-scheduler.yaml或.conf那样：

root@shaolin:~# kubectl get configmap -n kube-system
NAME                                 DATA      AGE
kube-proxy                           1         5d

root@shaolin:~# kubectl get configmap/kube-proxy -n kube-system -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  kubeconfig.conf: |
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Config
    clusters:
    - cluster:
        certificate-authority: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
        server: https://10.27.53.32:6443
      name: default
    contexts:
    - context:
        cluster: default
        namespace: default
        user: default
      name: default
    current-context: default
    users:
    - name: default
      user:
        tokenFile: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: 2017-05-10T01:48:28Z
  labels:
    app: kube-proxy
  name: kube-proxy
  namespace: kube-system
  resourceVersion: "81"
  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/configmaps/kube-proxy
  uid: c34f7d5f-3522-11e7-8f77-00163e000c7f

在这个默认的configmap中，kube-proxy连接的cluster的server地址硬编码为 https://10.27.53.32:6443，即shaolin node上apiserver的公共接口地址。这样一旦shaolin node宕掉了，其他node上的kube-proxy将无法连接到apiserver进行正常操作。而kube-proxy pod自身又是使用的是host network，因此我们需要将server地址配置为lb的地址，这样保证各node上kube-proxy的高可用。

我们根据上述输出的configmap的内容进行修改，并更新kube-proxy-configmap的内容：

root@shaolin:~# kubectl get configmap/kube-proxy -n kube-system -o yaml > kube-proxy-configmap.yaml

修改kube-proxy-configmap.yaml中的server为：

server: https://kubernetes.default.svc:6443

保存并更新configmap: kube-proxy：

root@shaolin:~# kubectl apply -f kube-proxy-configmap.yaml
Warning: kubectl apply should be used on resource created by either kubectl create --save-config or kubectl apply
configmap "kube-proxy" configured

root@shaolin:~# kubectl get configmap/kube-proxy -n kube-system -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  kubeconfig.conf: |
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Config
    clusters:
    - cluster:
        certificate-authority: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
        server: https://kubernetes.default.svc:6443
      name: default
... ...

重启kube-proxy(kubectl delete pods/kube-proxy-xxx -n kube-system)后，查看kube-proxy的日志：

root@shaolin:~# kubectl logs -f kube-proxy-h5sg8 -n kube-system
I0515 13:57:03.526032       1 server.go:225] Using iptables Proxier.
W0515 13:57:03.621532       1 proxier.go:298] clusterCIDR not specified, unable to distinguish between internal and external traffic
I0515 13:57:03.621578       1 server.go:249] Tearing down userspace rules.
I0515 13:57:03.738015       1 conntrack.go:81] Set sysctl 'net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_max' to 131072
I0515 13:57:03.741824       1 conntrack.go:66] Setting conntrack hashsize to 32768
I0515 13:57:03.742555       1 conntrack.go:81] Set sysctl 'net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established' to 86400
I0515 13:57:03.742731       1 conntrack.go:81] Set sysctl 'net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_close_wait' to 3600

九、小结

到这里，我们在第一部分中的最终思路方案已经实现了。不过这两篇文章对kubernetes ha cluster的打造还仅限于探索阶段，可能还有一些深层次的问题没有暴露出来，因此不建议在生产环境中采用。kubeadm在后续的版本中必然加入对k8s ha cluster的支持，那个时候，搭建一套可用于生产环境的HA cluster将不再这么麻烦了！

标签 负载均衡 下的文章

再谈Docker容器单机网络：利用iptables trace和ebtables log

一、实验环境

1、主机环境和工具版本

2、容器网络及拓扑

二、调试工具配置

1、iptables TRACE target的设置

2、ebtables的调试设置

3、iptables和ebtables规则全文

三、Container to Container

1、start -> bridgecheck -> linker layer

2、call iptables chain rules in linker layer

3、bridge decision

4、eb:nat:POSTROUTING -> nat:POSTROUTING -> egress(qdisc)

5、”消失”的iptable的nat:PREROUTING和nat:POSTROUTING

四、Local Process to Container

1、local process -> routing decision -> iptables OUTPUT chain

2、进入linker layer：iptables POSTROUTING -> ebtables OUTPUT -> ebtables POSTROUTING

五、Container to External

1、start -> bridgecheck -> linker layer

2、ebtable filter:INPUT -> routing decision -> iptables FORWARD

3、iptables nat:POSTROUTING match rule 1

4、iptables prerouting、forward、postrouting -> ebtabls output、postrouting

六、小结

七、参考资料

一步步打造基于Kubeadm的高可用Kubernetes集群-第二部分

五、第三步：启动emei、wudang上的apiserver

1、启动emei、wudang上的apiserver

2、将emei、wudang上的kubelet改为连接自己所在节点的apiserver

六、第四步：启动emei、wudang上的kube-controller-manager和kube-scheduler

六、第五步：将wudang、emei设置为master node

七、第六步：Load Balance

八、第七步：kube-proxy配置修改

九、小结

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